Brown Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

In which structure would you expect to find cartilage?

At the end of a normal expiration,

At which point in inspiration is airflow maximal?

Which of the following is characteristic of the Haldane effect?

Which of the following is increased in someone with COPD?

A 39-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of progressive shortness of breath. He has had a cough productive of white sputum for 2 years. He smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 16 years but quit 10 years ago. He is in mild respiratory distress with pursed lips and a barrel chest; he is using the accessory muscles of respiration. Breath sounds are distant and crackles are present in the lower lung fields bilaterally. Pulmonary function tests show a decreased FEV₁:FVC ratio, increased residual volume, and decreased diffusion capacity. An x-ray of the chest shows hyperinflation and hypertranslucency of the lower lobes of both lungs. What is his most likely diagnosis?

In a situation where the respiratory bronchioles become inflamed and narrowed, such as is seen in asthma, which aspect of respiration would be most mechanically impaired?

The partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and oxygen (pO₂) in the atmosphere at sea level are 0.3 mmHg and 160 mmHg respectively, but the partial pressures of these gasses in blood leaving the lungs are 40 mmHg (pCO₂) and 95 mmHg (pO₂). What factor most likely accounts for this difference?

Which of the following would be a result of removing surfactant from the lungs? I. Increase in surface tension in the alveoli II. Decrease in FRC III. Increased difficulty of inhalation

Which of the following may signal a respiratory abnormality? I. Low concentration of oxygen in the alveoli II. High concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli III. Contraction of intercostal muscles upon inhalation

Pleural membranes surround the lungs. These membranes serve as the glue between the lungs and the thoracic cavity. Which of the following statements is correct about these structures?

A 26-year-old man training for a marathon reaches a workload that exceeds his anaerobic threshold. If he continues running at or above this workload, which of the following will increase?

____is located between two pleural sacs and is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity?

What is the entrance into the lungs called?

A history of smoking, abnormal permanent enlargement of the alveoli, cough, and dyspnea suggest

Cystic fibrosis patients suffer pulmonary infections of all of the following pathogens except:

Breathing is mainly controlled by the ____.

Which area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control areas?

Which one of the following statements is true of lung cancer?

Which mechanism prevents over-inflation of the lungs?

What makes TB hard to diagnose?

What is the typical non-surgical treatment option for Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

List 3 symptoms of asthma

Using the Fick equation, calculate cardiac output given the following values: VO2 = 400 mL/min, alveolar [O2] = 0.15 mL/mL blood, venous [O2] = 0.10 mL/mL blood

Which of the following is an effect of altitude on the respiratory system?

What disease is shown in the following image? How do you know?

Name the two major types of digestion, and provide an example of each in the human body. Type 1: ____ Example of type 1: ____ Type 2: ____ Example of type 2: ____

Indicate whether the lineage of the following immune cell is myeloid (M), lymphoid (L), both (B), or neither (N).

B cells - ____

Indicate whether the lineage of the following immune cell is myeloid (M), lymphoid (L), both (B), or neither (N).

Mast cells - ____

Indicate whether the lineage of the following immune cell is myeloid (M), lymphoid (L), both (B), or neither (N).

Granulocytes - ____

Indicate whether the lineage of the following immune cell is myeloid (M), lymphoid (L), both (B), or neither (N).

Epithelial cells - ____

Indicate whether the lineage of the following immune cell is myeloid (M), lymphoid (L), both (B), or neither (N).

Monocytes - ____

Which cell type is effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses?

Langerhans cells are a specialized form of which cell type?

Antibodies start attaching to the surface of a bacterium. Name two processes that could likely happen next and how antibody binding stimulates them.

This/these immunoglobulin(s) can be membrane bound:

Which of the following antibody classes is active against helminths?

Which of the following antibody classes is able to cross the placenta?

Which of the following antibody classes is involved in mucosal immunity?

Which of the following molecules functions as an opsonin in the complement system?

The presence of which complement component initiates the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?

The cytokine IL-2 principally functions in which of the following processes?

The presence of which of the following cytokines leads to the degradation of viral RNA within cells?

Which of the following cytokines is the defining cytokine secreted by Th1 cells?

Match the following proteins to the stage of leukocyte adhesion that they regulate:

Which of the following surface receptors utilizes a zeta ( ζ ) chain in signal transduction?

In the development of B cells, at what stage does D to J rearrangement occur?

In which zone of a lymph node germinal center would a B-cell undergoing somatic hypermutation be found?

In the development of T cells, an overly strong response to class II MHC presenting peptide would result in …

An antigen in the cytosol of a dendritic cell would be processed and presented to which MHC class?

Which MHC class contains β 2-microglobulin as part of its structure?

The invariant chain (CD74) is involved in antigen presentation on which MHC class?

Which of the following is an example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

Which of the following viruses causes depletion of CD4+ T-cells?

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immune deficiency disorder characterized by a loss-of-function mutation in which enzyme critical to phagocyte activity?

X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in which protein critical to B-cell class switching?

Which of the following immunodeficiency disorders presents as a decrease in all serum immunoglobulin isotypes and reduction in B-cell population?