Scio.ly | BullSO Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

2 pts

In the figure, use letters (A-D) to answer the questions.

Part 1. Which of the following contracts and flattens on inhalation? Part 2. Which of the following is a thin wall structure made of a single layer of cells and covered in a dense network of capillaries?

Question 2

1 pt

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Question 3

1 pt

How does alveoli help to increase surface area:volume ratio?

Question 4

1 pt

Which of the following helps to maintain the openness and structure of trachea?

A. Thin layer of cellsB. C-shaped cartilageC. Ciliated epithelium that lines the tracheaD. Muscle and connective tissue

Question 5

1 pt

Squamous epithelial cells, goblet and ciliated cells are found in various structures that make up the human lung. Where are these cells located?

A. alveolus, pulmonary vein, tracheaB. bronchiole, bronchus, tracheaC. alveolus, trachea, bronchioleD. pumonary vein, bronchiole, bronchus

Question 6

1 pt

What makes alveoli suitable as a gas exchange surface in mammals?

A. AB. BC. CD. D

Question 7

1 pt

Which of the following muscles are involved in ventilation?

A. DiaphragmB. Intercostal musclesC. Accessory musclesD. All of the above

Question 8

1 pt

A 35 year old patient is a heavy smoker and has chronic cough, fatigue and breathlessness on exertion. What disease is he most likely suffering from?

A. AsthmaB. PneumoniaC. TuberculosisD. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Question 9

1 pt

An 18 year old boy just moved to a boarding school 6 months back and developed chronic cough, night sweats and progressive weight loss. He complains of anorexia and upon examination has lymphadenopathy of the neck. What could be the possible diagnosis?

A. TuberculosisB. PneumoniaC. AspergillosisD. Viral infection

Question 10

1 pt

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

A. AdenocarcinomaB. Small cell carcinomaC. Kaposi sarcomaD. Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 11

1 pt

Which of the following is the cause of cystic fibrosis?

Question 12

1 pt

The effect of increased temperature on Oxygen Hb dissociation curve is:

A. Right shiftB. Left shiftC. No effectD. None of the above

Question 13

1 pt

Which of the following causes destruction of the walls of alveoli characterized by large abnormal air spaces filled with air during exhalation?

A. TuberculosisB. Cystic fibrosisC. EmphysemaD. Coryza

Question 14

1 pt

A 60 year old man complains of waking up several times at night with “air hunger” and catches breath on sitting upright, He also complains of swelling in ankles and fatigue. What is the most likely diagnosis of his condition?

A. Pulmonary embolismB. Cardiac defectC. Atrial fibrillationD. Pulmonary edema

Question 15

1 pt

Which of the following determines the respiratory gas movement?

A. Partial pressure gradientB. TemperatureC. Solubility in waterD. Size of the gas molecule

Question 16

1 pt

The normal rate of respiration is

A. 11-15 breaths per minuteB. 16-20 breaths per minuteC. 20-25 breaths per minuteD. 5-10 breaths per minute

Question 17

1 pt

Which muscle controls the breathing process?

Question 18

1 pt · select all that apply

How is vital capacity calculated?

A. By adding all four of them, ERV, IRV, TV, and RVB. ERV + IRV +TVC. IRV + TVD. TV - RV

Question 19

1 pt · select all that apply

Why do old people have respiratory problems?

A. Age factorB. Change in metabolismC. Loss of elasticity of the thoracic cageD. All of the above

Question 20

1 pt

The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is completely continuous.

TrueFalse

Question 21

1 pt · select all that apply

How many sphincters are in the digestive system?

Question 22

1 pt · select all that apply

Which section of the small intestine is the most dense in blood vessels?

Question 23

1 pt

Which sphincter opens to the large intestine?

Question 24

1 pt

Compare and contrast the actions of segmentation and peristalsis.

Question 25

1 pt

Approximately how many times a minute does the pyloric sphincter open?

Question 26

1 pt

Which organ has the thickest walls and strongest muscles in the gastrointestinal system?

Question 27

1 pt

Compare and contrast the submucosa and mucosa layers.

Question 28

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following closes access to the lower airway during swallowing?

Question 29

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following regions lies directly distal to the sternum?

Question 30

1 pt · select all that apply

What fat alternative, in large quantities, may cause diarrhea in some people?

Question 31

1 pt · select all that apply

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of what organ?

Question 32

1 pt · select all that apply

What differentiates non-classical celiac disease from classical celiac disease?

A. Doesn't suffer clear symptoms of malabsorptionB. Inflammation is not caused by glutenC. Vili are not damagedD. No symptoms associated with celiac disease are experiencedE. The condition is not hereditary

Question 33

1 pt

Compare and contrast diverticulosis and diverticulitis.

Question 34

1 pt

Explain how coffee may stimulate defecation.

Question 35

1 pt · select all that apply

What causes stomach ulcers?

A. stressB. bacterial infectionC. spicy foodD. viral infection

Question 36

1 pt · select all that apply

Which is a symptom of Crohn’s Disease?

A. swollen fingers and toesB. stomach ulcersC. hypertensionD. mouth sores

Question 37

1 pt · select all that apply

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) breaks down triglycerides from chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), providing fatty acids that muscles may use for energy and adipose tissue for later use. How does the activity of LPL in a person who is obese compare to the activity of LPL in a person who is not obese?

A. LPL activity is generally higherB. LPL activity is generally lowerC. LPL activity is generally the sameD. LPL activity is highly variable among all individuals

Question 38

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following is not an associated health risk of obesity.

A. hypertensionB. sleep apneaC. hyperemiaD. stroke

Question 39

1 pt · select all that apply

Bariatric surgery may be recommended for people who are unable to achieve adequate weight loss with diet and exercise or have a BMI equal to or greater than 35. One common bariatric surgery is a gastric bypass, where the top of the stomach is cut, sealing it off from the rest of the stomach. This results in a small pouch which is then connected to the small intestine directly. Food will therefore pass through the stomach and the first section of the small intestine quickly. One side effect of a gastric bypass is dumping syndrome, which causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and heart palpitations. What can help prevent dumping syndrome?

A. Eat less fiberB. Drink fluids with a mealC. Consume more carbohydrates and dairy productsD. Eat smaller meals more frequently

Question 40

1 pt · select all that apply

Inflammation is the response of the body when encountered with tissue injury and infections. Which of the following are signs of inflammation?

Question 41

1 pt · select all that apply

What is the function of neutrophils?

A. The first leukocytes to reach injured lesions and eliminate pathogens and start inflammatory cascadesB. Removes toxins from the body's blood and regulates blood clottingC. Carry oxygen from the lungs to other part of the bodyD. Transforms waste into urine

Question 42

1 pt · select all that apply

Which are the two phenotypes of macrophages?

A. Classically activated (M1)B. Activated (M2)C. Moderately activated (M1)D. Acute phenotype

Question 43

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following causes Kaposi sarcoma?

A. Human immunodeficiency virusB. Herpes simplex type 2C. Human Herpes Virus 8D. Influenza virus

Question 44

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following statements could be a correct definition of antigen?

A. Non-self macromolecules that trigger an immune responseB. Proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chainC. Self macromolecules embedded in B-lymphocytes cell membraneD. Non-self macromolecules found only on bacteria that trigger the formation of antibodies

Question 45

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following describes the function of macrophage?

A. They circulate in the blood and produce antigens in response to infectionB. They are found in tissues and secrete cytokines in response to infectionC. They can leave the blood and secrete cytotoxins when exposed to damaged cellsD. They can leave the blood and accumulate at sites of inflammation

Question 46

1 pt · select all that apply

Monocytes differentiate into what kind of phagocytic cells?

A. neutrophilB. B cellC. macrophageD. T cell

Question 47

1 pt · select all that apply

What is the function of the plasma cells during an immune response?

A. To secrete antibodiesB. To engulf bacteriaC. To kill cells infected with virusesD. To change into memory cells

Question 48

1 pt · select all that apply

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by

A. blood cancerB. bacteriumC. TMVD. human immunodeficiency virus

Question 49

1 pt · select all that apply

HIV transmission is caused by

A. Contact with infected blood productsB. Breast milkC. SexD. All of the above

Question 50

1 pt · select all that apply

When assessing a patient diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, which of the following would require an immediate action by a physician?

Question 51

1 pt

What are the early signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Question 52

1 pt

With rheumatoid arthritis, deformity of the joints is caused by chronic inflammation

TrueFalse

Question 53

1 pt

What are the risk factors for contact dermatitis?

Chemicals and metals
Plants
Family history of eczema
Tide pods

A. 1 and 2B. 1, 2, and 4C. 1 and 4D. All of the above

Question 54

1 pt

Which organ is commonly involved in the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis (MG)?

A. kidneyB. thymusC. heartD. liver

Question 55

1 pt

Where are the acetylcholine receptors located?

Question 56

1 pt

What is the function of T killer cells?

A. They secrete toxic substances (Perforin) that kill the cells and pathogens within themB. They secrete chemicals known as cytokines which stimulate other cells (macrophages and B-cells) to fight against the invadersC. T lymphocytes that live a long time and are part of the immunological memoryD. All of the above

Question 57

1 pt

A patient presents for evaluation of the thyroid gland with a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of this condition?

A. dry skinB. weight lossC. constipationD. joint pain and stiffness

Question 58

1 pt

How many parathyroid glands do most adults have?

A. 2B. 4C. 6D. 5

Question 59

1 pt

Which of the following is not a characteristic of benign thyroid nodules?

A. smooth marginB. taller than wide shapeC. flat shapeD. smooth margin and taller than wide shape