Columbia University (CUSO) Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

Which of the following are not lymphocytes?

Which cells release histamine during the inflammatory response?

Which of the following best describes how antivirals work:

Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system?

Which of these is not a component of humoral immunity?

Which of these are phagocytes?

Which of these terms characterizes haptens?

Which of these are not lymphocytes?

Which of these are not leukocytes?

Where do lymphoid precursors develop into mature T cells?

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) results from infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); which best describes HIV?

Women who are or have been pregnant recently are at higher risk of developing this autoimmune disorder.

The anti-citrullinated protein antibody is present and is heavily associated with this disorder.

Skin develops a burning rash when irritants are exposed to sunlight.

Experts recognize 4 courses of this chronic disease: progressive-relapsing, secondary progressive, primary progressive, and relapsing-remitting

A common course of treatment for this disorder are antiretrovirals and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what phagocytic cell type?

Myelogenous leukemias are caused by the cancerous production of innate (non-specific) immune system cells: in which tissue is such production most likely to occur?

Recognition of self vs. non-self by the adaptive immune system in humans is accomplished in which of the following ways?

In the developing fetus, prenatal hematopoiesis (the differentiation and development of immune cells) is not generally known to occur in which of the following organs?

The average tidal volume of healthy adult male:

What is the correct order of the airway branches leading into your lungs?

The airways beyond the larynx can be divided into two zones (the conducting zone and the respiratory zone) based on their functions. Which of the following is not a function of the conducting zone?

What is true about lung compliance? (select 2)

Bronchodilators are a class of drug often used in the treatment of asthma and COPD, which act on β-adrenergic receptors of the airways to induce smooth muscle relaxation. The anatomic distribution of these receptors is closely correlated to the function of each structural component of the lungs. What structural component(s) of the airway would be most affected by the use of a bronchodilator, and in what functional zone(s) are they found?

The partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere at sea level are 0.3 mmHg and 160 mmHg respectively, but the partial pressures of these gasses in blood leaving the lungs are 40 mmHg and 95 mmHg, respectively. What factor most likely accounts for this difference?

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a set of conditions which affect the pulmonary interstitium-- the area of tissue and space which lies between the alveoli and alveolar capillaries. What factor in the setting of severe ILD, would NOT decrease the extent to which oxygen passes from the air sacs of the lungs into the blood?

If the mouth and nose are closed at the peak of a complete inspiration, but before expiration, and the breath is held, what is the pressure of gasses within the alveoli relative to the pressure of atmospheric air?

Which of the following causes a rightward shift in the oxygen dissociation curve?

____, which is produced during glycolysis, reversibly binds with hemoglobin, allosterically causing it to have a lower affinity for oxygen.

The medial wall of the respiratory region, the nasal septum, is smooth, but the lateral walls are thrown into folds by the presence of three shelf-like, bony projections called ____.

Which of the following is true for the nasal vestibule?

Where are Clara cells found?

Mark has the genetic condition called ɑ1-antitrypsin deficiency, which leads to increased neutrophil elastase activity. Which disease is Mark most likely to have?

Which type of cartilage are the C-rings of the trachea made from?

A patient presents with salty sweat, cough that produces sputum; frequent lung infections; intestinal blockage What disorder is described by the list above?

Which of the following is the largest salivary gland?

Ducts of lingual salivary (Von Ebner’s) glands empty their serous secretion into the base of the moats of ____.

Which of the following layers of the teeth is the hardest?

What anchors the teeth to its socket walls?

Which bacterial species causes tooth decay?

Meissner’s plexus is a network of unmyelinated nerve fibers and ganglion cells. In which layer of the alimentary canal is it located?

The Serosa is composed of:

Which of the following types of Hepatitis spreads only blood-to-blood?

A patient has symptoms of nausea, loss of appetite and pain around the navel. What condition is the patient most likely to have?

Which sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestine?

Which of the following is NOT a possible cause for pernicious anemia?

Pepsinogen is secreted by ____.

Which part of the alimentary canal has receptors to the gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin?

Which of the following cells located in the intestinal mucosal epithelium are responsible for antimicrobial secretions?

Which of the following cells are present in the small intestine, but not in the large intestine of humans?

GALT (Gut-associated lymphoid tissue) is more developed in the large intestine due to the large number of microorganisms that live in the lumen. Which layer of the large intestine is GALT in?

Where are carcinoid tumors most often found in young adults and children?

The Anal transition zone (ATZ) is a transition zone from the colorectal zone to the squamous zone. It thus represents a transition between the ____ of the rectal mucosa and the stratified squamous epithelium of the perianal skin.

What is the main function of the Kupffer cell?

Through which of the following pancreatic ducts does both bile and pancreatic secretions empty into the duodenum?

1. Stomach

2. Spirometer

3. Alimentary Canal

4. Acid-base NomogramWord bank: Acute respiratory alkalosis, Acute respiratory acidosis, Chronic respiratory alkalosis, Chronic respiratory acidosis, Metabolic alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis

Define peristalsis and explain how it relates to mechanical digestion

List the three functions of saliva OTHER than chemical digestion

List the three salivary glands in humans

We often take swallowing for granted, but it is actually quite a complex process, integrating a variety of different muscle groups and digestive system structures, including the pharynx and the esophagus. Name three key differences between the lining of the esophagus and the lining of the rest of the digestive tract

The stomach is the primary site of chemical digestion, through a multitude of different enzymes. Because the pH of stomach acid is so low, it is a miracle that this organ doesn’t simply digest itself! What are three ways the stomach lining prevents itself from being digested?

You have just eaten a full course meal and which has turned into chyme in your stomach. In which ways does the chyme trigger your gastrointestinal reflexes?

What are the two hormones secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum that regulate the exocrine pancreas?

The alkaline tide is a phenomenon that describes why the blood draining from the stomach is more alkaline than the blood entering the stomach. Why does this occur? Hint: think about ion transport during HCl secretion

The colon is the final tube through which foodstuff travels in its perilous journey through the human digestive system. How does the lining of the colon differ from that of the small intestine?

Outline the role of the liver in the storage of nutrients

Describe the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver

Describe the difference between red and white pulp in the spleen.

What is the major function of the tonsils?

Why are the tonsils often removed in children?

Describe the difference between cytokines and chemokines

You are walking up the stairs when you stub your toe. What are the four characteristics of inflammation?

Describe the four parts to the inflammatory response.

There are two chains in the T cell receptor, and each chain consists of two domains: variable region and constance region. Describe the function of each region

The COVID-19 mRNA vaccine uses mRNA created in a laboratory to teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. This immune response, which produces antibodies, is what helps protect us from getting sick from that germ in the future. What type of immunity does this trigger?

Explain why antibiotics are used to treat bacterial but not viral diseases

Polio is a viral disease which affects the nervous system. Describe the different ways in which the body could acquire immunity to this disease

Outline how the skin and mucous membranes prevent entry of pathogens into the body

What is the scientific term for the “Adam’s apple?”

What are the two major functions of the pleura?

The medulla oblongata and pons are the main center in the brain that drive respiration. What is the major factor that stimulates the medulla oblongata to produce respiration?

There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. Both have similar symptoms, but have different underlying causes. For each type of sleep apnea, describe the physiological mechanism that causes it and suggest a potential medical condition that could lead to it

There are four main gases that make up the composition in the air in both the atmosphere and the alveoli. Rank the relative concentration of these gases.

What are the three methods by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

An increase in altitude results in a decrease in atmospheric pressure. Although the proportion of oxygen relative to gases in the atmosphere remains at 21 percent, its partial pressure decreases. As a result, it is more difficult for a body to achieve the same level of oxygen saturation at high altitude than at low altitude. What is the major mechanism that results in acclimatization?

A smoker develops damage to several alveoli that then can no longer function. How does this affect gas exchange?

What are the factors that determine lung compliance?

State the two main anatomical components of the medullary respiratory center and state their functions.