UMass Amherst Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology · Division C · UMass Amherst Invitational · 2023

101 questions · 177 points · 50 min· 26 questions from the original omitted

There are 12 stations, and you will be given approximately ~3 minutes and 55 seconds at each. Each question is worth 1 point unless otherwise denoted. Please write legibly! Illegible answers will not be scored. Tiebreakers will be denoted with [TB#] and will be in the following order: #96, #111 and #69.

Station 1

Question 2

1 pt

True/False: the alveolar duct, atrium, and alveolus are all examples of structures located in the respiratory zone.

TrueFalse

Question 3

2 pts

Identify the label(s) representing the oblique fissure.

Question 4

2 pts

Identify the label(s) representing the lingula.

Question 5

2 pts

Identify the label(s) representing the structure equivalent to the lingula in the opposing lung.

Question 6

6 pts

List the following structures by their corresponding letters in the order in which air flows through them in inspiration. Nasal cavity → ____ → ____ → main bronchus → ____ → ____ → terminal bronchiole → ____ → ____ → atrium → alveolus A. Segmental bronchus B. Pharynx C. Respiratory bronchiole D. Alveolar duct E. Lobar bronchus F. Trachea

Question 9

1 pt

As air is warmed in the lungs, it expands according to:

Question 10

1 pt

If Beatrice has a RV of 1100 mL, IRV of 3200 mL, TLC of 5700, and TV of 450 mL, what is her ERV?

Station 2

Question 11

1 pt

During inhalation:

A. The diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles relaxB. The diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles pull upwardC. The diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles relaxD. The diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles pull upwardE. The diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles pull downward

Question 15

1 pt

Which of the following statements are TRUE about hyperventilation? I. Carbon dioxide is expelled faster than it is produced. II. Blood oxygen level is decreased. III. Increased blood pH causes cerebral arteries to constrict.

Question 16

1 pt

Identify the following respiratory patterns (for reference, Graph 1 shows a normal respiratory pattern): a. Cheyne-Stokes b. Kussmaul/Hyperpnea c. Tachypnea d. Which graph from above (a, b, or c) is a sign of diabetes melitus? e. Which graph from above (a, b, or c) is a sign of heart failure and/or stroke?

Question 17

1 pt

Match the following terms to the given spirogram: a. Inspiratory Reserve Volume __ __ b. Expiratory Reserve Volume __ __ c. Residual Volume __ __ d. Functional Residual Capacity __ __ e. Vital capacity __ __ f. At which points does the spirogram indicate maximum voluntary inspiration? ____ g. True/False: Lung volume can regularly reach 0 mL with strong voluntary expiration. ____

Station 3

Question 18

1 pt

____ Demonstrates the relationship between O2 concentrations and hemoglobin's affinity for CO2.

Question 19

1 pt

____ Demonstrates the relationship between CO2 and pH and hemoglobin's affinity for O2.

Question 20

1 pt

____ Describes gas release from hemoglobin largely taking place in the tissues.

Question 21

1 pt

____ Describes gas release from hemoglobin largely taking place in the lungs.

PassageFor questions 22–28

Indicate if exercise increases (I), does not affect (N), or decreases (D) the following factors:

Question 22

1 pt

____ Erythropoietin levels

Question 23

1 pt

____ Capillary density

Question 24

1 pt

____ Resting total lung capacity

Question 25

1 pt

____ Resting vital capacity

Question 26

1 pt

____ Resting blood pressure

Question 27

1 pt

____ Resting tidal volume

Question 28

1 pt

____ Functional reserve capacity during exercise

Question 29

4 pts

At high altitudes, PO2 [increases / decreases]. The body combats this with [hyperventilation / hypoventilation], [increasing / maintaining steady / lowering] tidal volume, and [raising / lowering] heart rate to achieve adequate oxygen supply to tissues.

Station 4

Question 31

1 pt

Temporary pauses in breathing during sleep.

Question 32

1 pt

During a tuberculosis infection, alveolar macrophages are the first cells to be targeted and remain the dominant cell type to be infected for up to 10 days. Their inflammatory response to TB is mainly regulated by which transcription factor?

Question 33

1 pt

In case of an asthma attack, inhalers contain bronchodilators that:

A. Constrict the airways to regulate smooth muscle spasmsB. Increase blood flow to bronchioles to fight infectionC. Dilate the airways to increase airflowD. Dilate blood vessels to decrease inflammationE. Decrease mucus production

Question 34

1 pt

What are Charcot-Leyden crystals?

A. Microscopic clumps of mast cells found in patients with pulmonary edemaB. Build up of uric acid crystals in alveoli caused by malfunctioning alveolar macrophagesC. Hardened surfactant crystals coating type I alveolar cells due to cystic fibrosisD. Microscopic crystals formed by breakdown of eosinophils due to bronchial asthmaE. Small pieces of Curschmann's spirals - mucus casts from small bronchi found in patients with pulmonary fibrosis

PassageFor questions 35a, 35b, 35c

The two spirograms were captured by exhaling forcefully into a spirometer. One belongs to Anna, and the other to William. It is known that William is battling pneumonia.

Question 35a

2 pts

Which of the spirograms most likely indicates a restrictive respiratory disease? How do you know?

Question 35b

2 pts

Which spirogram belongs to William?

Question 35c

2 pts

Briefly describe what happens to lung tissue during pneumonia.

PassageFor question 36a

Katherine is a 55-year old female admitted to the. Her symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing with mucus and chest tightness. She is easily fatigued and also has an extensive history of smoking cigarettes for the past 20 years.

Question 36a

4 pts

What respiratory illness is Katherine suffering from? Briefly describe the various components of this illness and how they affect her lungs.

Station 5

Question 37

2 pts

Identify the label(s) representing the point where bile is stored and concentrated.

Question 38

2 pts

Identify the label(s) representing the primary site of carbohydrate digestion.

Question 39

2 pts

Identify the label representing the organ that is known for having both exocrine and endocrine properties.

Question 40

2 pts · select all that apply

Which of the following structures are accessory digestive organs?

A. LiverB. PancreasC. GallbladderD. Tongue

Question 41

1 pt

The small intestine uses haustral contractions to propel chyme towards the large intestine.

TrueFalse

Question 43

2 pts · select all that apply

Which of the following organs are partially retroperitoneal?

A. GallbladderB. Small intestineC. PancreasD. Liver

Question 44

1 pt

The point where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm is the:

A. Cardial orificeB. Esophageal hiatusC. Lower esophageal sphincterD. Upper esophageal sphincter

Question 45

1 pt

What is the purpose of the liver?

A. Production of bileB. Direct digestion of lipidsC. Direct digestion of proteinD. Production of mucus for GI tract lubrication

Question 46

6 pts

List the three major salivary glands. Which two of the glands contain mostly serous cells? Which one contains mostly mucous cells?

Question 47

4 pts

Compare and contrast the functions of CCK and secretin. What type of cells do they target? What type of pancreatic juice do they cause to be secreted?

Station 6

Question 55

1 pt

This layer of the esophagus contains mucus-secreting glands which protects it from erosion.

Question 56

1 pt

The fold which forms out of the stomach's ____ in the absence of food is known as the ruga.

Question 57

1 pt

List the three parts of the small intestine in the order in which food passes through them.

A. Jejunum → ileum → duodenumB. Ileum → duodenum → jejunumC. Duodenum → jejunum → ileumD. Ileum → jejunum → duodenumE. Jejunum → duodenum → ileum

Question 58

1 pt

Which of the following is not a notable difference between the walls of the large and small intestines?

A. Few enzyme-secreting cells are present in the large intestinesB. The large intestine lacks circular foldsC. The large intestine has a simple cuboidal epitheliumD. The large intestine lacks villiE. All of the above are notable differences between the two structures

Question 59

2 pts

Identify the structure shown in the histological section above. What is its function?

Question 60

2 pts

Which digestive structure(s) is the structure referenced in the previous question found in?

Question 61

2 pts

What is contained within the structures within the blue circles in the image above?

Station 7

Question 62

1 pt

Starches and glycogen → ____

Question 63

1 pt

Oligosaccharides → ____

Question 64

1 pt

Larger proteins → ____

Question 65

1 pt

Shorter polypeptides → ____

Question 66

1 pt

Fats → ____

Question 69

1 pt

The term used to refer to a mass of food entering the GI tract is:

Question 70

2 pts · select all that apply

Which of the following actions qualifies as a component of mechanical digestion?

A. Mastication in the oral cavityB. Churning in the stomachC. Enzyme action in the buccal cavityD. Molecular catalysis via hydrochloric acidE. Segmentation and/or peristalsis in the intestines

Station 8

Question 71

1 pt

Of the components of the digestive tract, the ____ houses the most acidic environment.

Question 73

4 pts

Compare and contrast segmentation and peristalsis.

Question 74

2 pts · select all that apply

Obesity has been linked to increased risk of

Question 75a

1 pt

Diarrhea, cramps and nausea are notably decreased by vigorous activity such as running.

TrueFalse

Question 75b

1 pt

Exercise slows blood supply to the digestive organs.

TrueFalse

Question 75c

1 pt

Exercising right after eating a meal can increase symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

TrueFalse

Question 76

2 pts · select all that apply

How does pancreatic adenocarcinoma differ from islet cell tumors?

A. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is more common than islet cell tumors.B. Islet cell tumors are more common than Pancreatic adenocarcinoma.C. Islet cell tumors are caused by the rise of cancer cells in the exocrine glands of the pancreas, while pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the rise of cancer cells in the endocrine glands of the pancreas.D. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the rise of cancer cells in the exocrine gland of the pancreas, while islet cell tumors are caused by the rise of cancer cells in the endocrine glands of the pancreas.E. No difference - they refer to the same thing.

Question 77

1 pt

Diarrhea is caused by ____ of water in the ____.

Question 78

1 pt

Which of the following statements is true concerning the role of NSAIDs in causing gastric ulcers? I. They inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase II. They decrease the synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins III. They artificially increase secretion of gastrin by G cells in the antrum IV. They contain proteases that directly damage the mucosa and mucosal cells

Question 79

4 pts

Liver samples from Person A and Person B are shown below. Which person is more likely to be obese? What condition do they have?

Question 80a

2 pts

What is Hannah's diagnosis?

Question 80b

3 pts

Which organ is the disease associated with? How does the disease impact it?

Question 81a

2 pts

What is Liam's condition called?

Question 81b

2 pts

What compound does his body not produce? Where in the body is this compound usually produced in people who don't have trouble digesting dairy?

PassageFor questions 80a, 80b

Hannah arrives at the hospital due to abdominal pain and constant fatigue. Her urine sample is dark and her stool sample is pale. She has yellow discoloration in her skin and eyes. She has lost weight and doesn't have an appetite. She is also experiencing diarrhea and flu-like symptoms. The doctors learn that she ate undercooked shellfish in a small seaside restaurant.

PassageFor questions 81a, 81b

Whenever Liam eats dairy products like ice cream, he experiences bloating, gas, stomach cramps, and sometimes diarrhea and nausea.

Station 9

Question 82

2 pts

Identify the label(s) representing the primary lymphoid organs.

Question 83

2 pts

Identify the labeled structure that undergoes atrophy and declines in function after puberty.

Question 84

1 pt

Which of the following is not a function of the structure labeled 7?

A. Destruction of old red blood cells and pathogensB. Storage of platelets and monocytesC. Direct activation of the complement systemD. Site of lymphocyte proliferation and surveillance

Question 87

1 pt

Which of the following is not a protective agent found on the skin?

A. DermcidinB. PtyalinC. DefensinsD. Sebum

Question 88

1 pt

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Lymph transport occurs under high-pressure low-volume conditions.B. Pumping of the heart is the primary driver for lymph transport.C. Lymph is moved via movement of adjacent tissues and muscles.D. Lymph transport is slowed down during exercise.

Question 89

1 pt

____ are responsible for removing pathogens in food or inhaled air.

Question 90

1 pt

MALT is in all of these organs EXCEPT:

A. TonsilB. Peyer's patchesC. AppendixD. Spleen

Question 91

4 pts

Briefly describe the difference in function between red pulp and white pulp in the spleen.

Question 92

2 pts

Define and describe the acid mantle in the context of the immune system.

Station 10

Question 94

2 pts

Briefly explain how vasodilation relates to two of the cardinal signs of inflammation.

Question 95

1 pt

Which of the following is a function of TLRs?

A. Production of cytokinesB. Memory B cell productionC. Enhancement of diapedesisD. Proliferation of dendritic cells

Question 96

1 pt

Which of the following lymphocytes are known for conducting immune surveillance?

A. NeutrophilsB. Helper T cellsC. NK cellsD. Effector B cells

Question 97

1 pt

If a person shows production of interferons, the person likely has:

A. COVIDB. MalariaC. CholeraD. Pneumonia

Question 98

4 pts

What is opsonization? Why is it necessary?

Question 99

2 pts

Identify the cell labeled 4. What is its main function?

Question 100

2 pts

Which of the labeled cells fight parasitic infections? Answer with both the cell name and the number.

Question 101

6 pts

Compare the classical pathway of complement activation and the lectin pathway of complement activation. Be sure to include a description of the point that the two pathways converge.

Station 11

Question 103

2 pts

Why is the secondary immune response stronger than the primary immune response?

Question 105

1 pt · select all that apply

Which of the following are used by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in target cells?

A. PerforinsB. GranzymesC. InterferonsD. MAC

Question 106

1 pt

A loss of regulatory T cells may result in:

A. Loss of function of the complement systemB. Underdevelopment of the primary lymphoid organsC. Sharp decline in helper T cell numbersD. Development of autoimmune diseases

Question 107

1 pt

Which of the following immunoglobulins is able to cross the placenta?

A. IgAB. IgGC. IgDD. IgM

Question 108

3 pts

Advikka Danth comes to the doctor presenting consistent fatigue. She explains that throughout her day, she experiences constant joint pain and swelling. She continues to explain that her symptoms flare up for some time, and then disappear for a while before returning again. Furthermore, her symptoms seem to become worse when she's exposed to the sun for prolonged periods of time. Finally, you notice a red rash covering her face, from cheek to cheek. Please diagnose Advikka, describe the physiology behind the disorder, and prescribe one treatment for her disorder.

Question 109

2 pts

Erie Gala walks into the ER presenting red, itchy welts covering his skin. He explains that the welts have been present for upwards of 6 weeks, and they often get itchier and more irritating when he exercises. Furthermore, he experiences painful swelling around his eyes and face. When given a blood test, it's revealed that his blood contains high amounts of histamine. Please diagnose Erie and prescribe one treatment for his disorder.

Station 12

Question 110

1 pt

In Rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system directly attacks ____.

Question 113

1 pt

The primary targets of the HIV virus are:

Question 114

1 pt

A patient presents with serum sickness. Which of these statements are TRUE concerning this hypersensitivity reaction?

I. The antigens are non-soluble and attached to body tissues such as RBCs II. Anaphylatoxins from the complement system increase vascular permeability of blood vessels. III. Neutrophils called to the site of the reaction successfully phagocytize antigen-antibody immune complexes to decrease inflammation.

Question 115a

2 pts

What is Noelle's diagnosis?

Question 115b

2 pts

Name an antibody linked to this disease; what is the main autoantigen it targets?

Question 115c

3 pts

How does this behavior by the antibody affect the levels of TSH, T3 and T4 in her blood?

PassageFor questions 115a, 115b, 115c

Noelle complains of hair loss, muscle weakness, weight loss and frequent bowel movements during a yearly check-up. She has trouble concentrating, is constantly fatigued and feels like her heart is racing all the time. She has also noticed a tremor in her hands. Her doctor suspects she might have an autoimmune disorder affecting her thyroid.

Question 116a

2 pts

Henry is diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis. What structure(s) is/are targeted by the immune system in Myasthenia Gravis?

Question 116b

4 pts

Henry is diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis. He is prescribed Neostigmine, a principal anticholinesterase inhibitor. How will this medication help relieve his symptoms?

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Station 4

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Question 35a

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Station 6

Question 55

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Station 7

Question 62

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Station 8

Question 71

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Station 9

Question 82