SOLVI Invitational — Dynamic Planet

Dynamic Planet · Division C · SOLVI Invitational · 2022

61 questions · 210 points · 50 min· 10 questions from the original omitted

Original test source

For questions 1-55, answer to the best of your ability! Each question in this section is worth 3 points.

Section 1: MCQ and SAQ Mashup!

Question 1

3 pts

What is the name of the curve shown?

A. Bell curveB. Trumpet curveC. Funnel curveD. Double-logistic curve

Question 4

3 pts

Which of the following is a characteristic of mountainous watersheds?

A. Low soil porosityB. High infiltrationC. Low runoffD. High saltwater intrusion

Question 5

3 pts

If a stream’s velocity is 100 centimeters per second, then what are the largest particles that this stream can transport?

A. SandB. BoulderC. CobbleD. Silt

Question 8

3 pts

Which of the following is NOT a good aquifer?

A. GraniteB. GravelC. LimestoneD. Sandstone

Question 9

3 pts

What two processes are most likely to lead to a rise in the water table?

A. Infiltration and precipitationB. Infiltration and evaporationC. Erosion and precipitationD. Erosion and evaporation

Question 10

3 pts

In a meandering stream, stream erosion is highest ____ and stream velocity is highest ____.

A. Inside of the curve; inside of the curveB. Inside of the curve; outside of the curveC. Outside of the curve; inside of the curveD. Outside of the curve; outside of the curve

Question 14

3 pts

On a topographic map, the point of the “V” shapes in contour lines around rivers and streams point ____.

A. UpstreamB. DownstreamC. Toward the banksD. Toward the center

Question 15

3 pts

Identify each component of pingo formation for each letter.

Question 16

3 pts · select all that apply

Which term(s) may accurately describe this pingo?

A. Open-systemB. Closed-systemC. HydraulicD. Hydrostatic

Question 17

3 pts

Identify the drainage pattern depicted in Box (c).

A. AnnularB. PinnateC. TrellisD. Parallel

Question 18

3 pts

Which Box depicts a drainage pattern that can develop in an area where sedimentary rocks have been folded and then eroded?

A. (a)B. (d)C. (g)D. (j)

Question 19

3 pts

Which Box depicts a drainage pattern that is often exhibited in areas with volcanoes?

A. (b)B. (e)C. (f)D. (i)

Question 20

3 pts

What type of waterfall falls vertically without making contact with the underlying face of the cliff?

A. PlungeB. HorsetailC. FanD. Segmented

Question 21

3 pts

The International Waterfall Classification System utilizes the Beisel rating to classify waterfalls. This rating is calculated by taking the natural logarithm of what quantity that is characteristic of waterfalls?

A. Time it takes for water to reach the poolB. Height of the fallC. Average discharge of the watercourseD. Volume of water present

Question 23

3 pts

Which lake zone is sometimes referred to as the “lake’s digestive system,” as bacteria decompose organic matter in this area? {TB2}

A. Euphotic zoneB. Benthic zoneC. Photic zoneD. Profundal zone

Question 24

3 pts

Which lake zone often receives an abundance of nutrients from nonpoint source pollution due to it being shallow?

A. Littoral zoneB. Profundal zoneC. Benthic zoneD. Aphotic zone

Question 25

3 pts

What separates the epilimnion from the hypolimnion?

Question 26

3 pts

Which term describes the average time that it takes to completely renew the water volume of a lake?

A. Intermittent timeB. Flushing timeC. Polymictic timeD. Recharge time

Question 28

3 pts

Which of the following are typically not found in thermokarst regions?

A. Lakes and pondsB. HummocksC. Limestone columnsD. Pingos

Question 29

3 pts

What type of soil consists of 25% silt and 40% sand?

A. Sandy clayB. ClayC. Clay loamD. Silty clay

Question 30

3 pts

Of the following soil types, which has the lowest hydraulic conductivity?

A. Silty clayB. LoamC. Loamy sandD. Silt loam

Question 31

3 pts

Which of the following are dominated by trees that are water tolerant?

A. BogsB. MarshesC. SwampsD. None of the above

Question 32

3 pts

Which of the following are typically acidic?

A. BogsB. MarshesC. SwampsD. None of the above

Question 33

3 pts

Which of the following is characterized by herbaceous vegetation?

A. BogsB. MarshesC. SwampsD. None of the above

Question 34

3 pts

Which of the following are found north and south of the tropics?

A. BogsB. MarshesC. SwampsD. None of the above

Question 35

3 pts

What is the source of most nitrogen pollution in surface water?

A. FertilizerB. DetergentsC. SewageD. Rainwater

Question 36

3 pts

What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance that the water flows?

A. Hydrologic resistanceB. Stream gradientC. Hydraulic conductivityD. Stream discharge

Question 37

3 pts

Which of the following characteristics are found in all good aquifers?

A. High porosity, low permeabilityB. Low porosity, high permeabilityC. Low porosity, low permeabilityD. High porosity, high permeability

Question 38

3 pts

Which of the following characteristics is found in confining beds?

A. Low hydraulic conductivityB. High hydraulic conductivityC. Low volumetric soil moisture contentD. High volumetric soil moisture content

Question 39

3 pts

What is the term for a fissure made of limestone that is enlarged due to dissolution from rainwater?

A. Dry sinkB. EskerC. GrikeD. Moraine

Question 40

3 pts

For water to be classified as freshwater, it must contain less than ____ mg/L of dissolved solids.

A. 10B. 100C. 1,000D. 10,000

Question 41

3 pts

What is the name of the curve shown?

A. Rating curveB. Water retention curveC. Flow duration curveD. Crop coefficient curve

Question 42

3 pts

At a volumetric water content of 0.3, which of the three soil types shown has the greatest matric potential?

Question 43

3 pts

Calculate the gravimetric soil moisture content of silt loam when it has a matric potential of -1. Assume that the bulk density of silt loam is 1.33 g/cm³ and the density of water is 1 g/cm³, and round to two decimal places. {TB3}

Question 44

3 pts

Approximately how much of the extracted groundwater on Earth is used for agricultural purposes?

A. 5%B. 30%C. 50%D. 70%

Passage

Use this image to answer the next two questions.

Question 46

1 pt

The LS factor is used in which of the following calculations?

A. Water balance equationB. Darcy's LawC. Universal soil loss equationD. Chevy and Manning equations

Question 47

1 pt

Determine the LS factor for a field with a slope steepness of 30% and a slope length of 200 ft. {TB4}

Question 48

1 pt

Which of the following rocks is best for cave formation?

A. LimestoneB. GraniteC. SandstoneD. Marble

Question 49

1 pt

Which term refers to a dry lake bed?

A. EddyB. ThalwegC. PlayaD. Arroyo

Question 50

1 pt

What are the 2 most common nutrients that lead to eutrophication?

Question 51

1 pt

What is the main effect that results from excess nutrients in rivers, lakes, and oceans?

A. Algae growth decreasesB. Algae growth increasesC. Algae growth remains constantD. Algae is unable to grow

Question 52

1 pt

What type of flood causes the most deaths?

A. CoastalB. RiverC. WetlandD. Flash

Question 53

1 pt

What is the name of an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop?

Question 54

1 pt

Which of these factors does not determine the rate of stream erosion?

A. Stream shapeB. Stream slopeC. Stream temperatureD. Stream velocity

Question 55

1 pt

What is the artificial reservoir of water behind a dam called?

Section 2: Computation Conundrums!

PassageFor questions 56–57, 59–60, 61a, 61b, 62–65

For questions 56-66, you MUST show all work and include units! Partial credit will be available for almost every question, and an answer without work will NOT be able to earn full credit. Point values are listed next to each question.

Question 56

11 pts

The evaporation from Lake Pikachu is to be calculated using the water budget method. Inflow to the lake is mainly through two small rivers: A and B. The outflow is through river C. Calculate the evaporation from the lake surface during summer (May - August) if the water level was at +482.32 (m) on May 1 and +482.41 (m) on August 31. The surface area of the lake is 80 km², and the precipitation during the period was 800 mm. The average flows in the rivers are given below. (Hint: Be careful when choosing units in the water balance!) {TB1}

River	Catchment (km²)	Q, average (m³/s)
A	130	23.0
B	105	18.0
C		38.0

Question 57

10 pts

Determine the flow velocity and discharge in the clean, straight, full stage stream when the mean flow depth is 4 ft. This stream is low gradient. The bed slope is 0.005, the mean width of the flow is 60 ft, and you can approximate that the banks are vertical. Use a Manning's roughness coefficient of 0.025.

PassageFor questions 58a, 58b, 58c

The following table shows Lake Squirtle's monthly inflows and outflows in cubic meters.

Month	Inflow	Outflow
January	4.5	1.1
February	5.2	3.5
March	6.1	5.2
April	6.9	12.4
May	9.4	5.6
June	2.5	8.2
July	5.1	9.0
August	4.7	4.2
September	5.6	5.1
October	1.3	5.2
November	6.3	1.8
December	7.9	10.4

Question 58a

6 pts

If Lake Squirtle began the year with a storage of 61.7 m³, what was the storage at the end of the year?

Question 58b

3 pts

In which month was storage the highest?

Question 58c

3 pts

In which month was storage the lowest?

Question 59

6 pts

The Darcy flux of a specific water flow region is 5.2 m/min. The porosity of the material through which the water flows is 41%. Find the fluid velocity. Round to the nearest hundredth.

Question 60

10 pts

The Charmander Aquifer is 135.4 m long. In the Charmander Aquifer, the soil type is mainly sandy loam. As you may know, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy loam is 2.59 cm/hr. Also, the cross-section of the Charmander Aquifer is trapezoidal, pictured below. Calculate the discharge from this Aquifer if the water table drops 16.3 m. Round to nearest thousandth.

Question 61a

4 pts

The Mew River runs from Pallet Town to Pewter City, and its length is 1683 meters. The straight line distance between Pallet Town and Pewter City is 759 meters. Calculate the sinuosity of the Mew River. Round to the nearest tenth.

Question 61b

2 pts

The Mew River runs from Pallet Town to Pewter City, and its length is 1683 meters. The straight line distance between Pallet Town and Pewter City is 759 meters.

Is this river straight or meandering? How do you know?

Question 62

4 pts

Professor Oak has too much time on his hands. One day, he collects 20.4 liters of sand and pours water in it. He notes that the sand absorbs 695 milliliters of water. What is the porosity of this sample? Your answer should be a percentage, and round to the nearest hundredth.

Question 63

10 pts

Lake Pikachu has two streams connected to it. The Pichu Stream flows into the lake and the Raichu Stream flows out of the lake. The area of Lake Pikachu is 20.0 km². Pichu Stream discharges 12.8 m³/s into the lake, while the Raichu Stream drains 15.9 m³/s from the lake. Calculate and describe how the level of Lake Pikachu has changed after one year. Round to the nearest thousandth. {TB7}

Question 64

6 pts

The Snorlax River has a width of 7.3 meters and an average depth of 2.6 meters. What is the discharge of this river if the flow velocity is 0.04 kilometers per second?

Question 65

11 pts

A 4.03-cm storm hit the Ilex Forest. During this storm, Professor Elm measured throughfall and stemflow on a ⅕ -ha plot. Tanks collected 27,600 L of stemflow. The throughfall was collected in rain gauges scattered over the plot, and it averaged 2.49 cm. Calculate the depth and percentage of rainfall intercepted. Round to the nearest hundredth.

Question 66a

3 pts

What is the recurrence interval of the flood that occurred on June 21, 1964?

Question 66b

3 pts

Calculate the probability that a flood of 11,600 m³/s will occur next year. Leave your answer as a percentage and round to the nearest hundredth.

Question 66c

3 pts

Based on Team Rocket's study, identify the trend about when floods on the Poliwrath River occur.