Tiger Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

Of the following selections, the one that includes only nonspecific defenses is:

The protective categories that prevent the approach of, deny entrance to, or limit the spread of microorganisms or other environmental hazards are called:

NK (natural killer) cells sensitive to the presence of abnormal cell membranes are primarily involved with:

The four general characteristics of specific defenses include:

The two major ways that the body “carries” out the immune response are:

The fact that people are not subject to the same diseases as goldfish describes the presence of:

When an antigen appears, the immune response begins with:

Before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processes by a:

The most important antibody action in the body is:

Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of:

The antigenic determinant site is the certain portion of the antigen’s exposed surface where:

In order for an antigenic molecule to be a complete antigen, it must:

The major function of interleukins in the immune system are to:

The ability to demonstrate an immune response upon exposure to an antigen is called:

Fetal antibody production is uncommon because the developing fetus has:

When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is:

Chemical mediators of inflammation include:

T lymphocytes comprise approximately ____ percent of circulating lymphocytes.

B lymphocytes differentiate into:

The primary response of T-cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of -- cells.

The three-dimensional “fit” between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant site is referred to as the:

One of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is:

The “patrol force” of the alveolar epithelium involved with phagocytosis is comprised primarily of:

Structures in the trachea that prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures change in the respiratory system are the:

The entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory passageways during swallowing is prohibited by the:

The purpose of the hilus along the medial surface of the lung at the level of the branching primary bronchi is to:

Structural features that make the lungs highly pliable and capable of tolerating great changes in volume are:

After passing through the trachea, the correct pathway a molecule of inspired air would take to reach an alveolus is:

The serous membrane in contact with the lung is the:

A necessary feature for normal gas exchange in the alveoli is:

The movement of air into and out of the lungs is primarily dependent on:

During inspiration there will be an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and a(n):

During expiration there is a(n):

Each molecule of the hemoglobin has the capacity to carry -- atoms of oxygen:

During expiration the diaphragm:

Alveolar ventilation can be calculated by:

The output from the baroreceptors affects the respiratory centers causing:

The initiation of the inspiration originates with discharge of inspiratory neurons in the:

As the volume of the lungs increases, the:

The paranasal sinuses include:

A rise in the arterial PCO₂ elevates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) carbon dioxide levels and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce:

The primary function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate:

The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to:

The sympathetic division of the ANS causes ____ of airway smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is ____:

The substance administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance via airway dilation is:

The residual volume is the volume of air:

The maximum amount of air moved in and out during a single breath is:

The most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation is:

It is important that free H ions resulting from dissociation of H₂CO₃ combine with hemoglobin to reduce the possibility of:

In the pulmonary capillaries the bicarbonate ion is always returned to the:

If you desired to control the rate of respiration voluntarily you might:

One of the early symptoms of emphysema is:

Which of the following organs is not a part of the digestive system?

Of the following selections, the one which contains only accessory structures is:

The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is:

The lining of the digestive tract that plays a defensive role by protecting surrounding tissues against:

The mucous-producing, unicellular glands found in the mucosal epithelium of the stomach and small and large intestine are:

Which of the layers of the digestive tube is (are) most responsible for peristalsis along the esophagus?

Swirling, mixing, and churning motions of the digestive tract provide:

Strong contraction of the ascending and transverse colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called:

The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include:

Which of the following is secreted by the stomach?

The three divisions of the small intestine are:

What happens to the salivary amylase after it is swallowed?

The primary function(s) of the liver is (are):

The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is:

Undigested food residues are moved through the large intestine in the following sequence:

The important function(s) of the large intestine is/are:

An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the:

The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is:

The parts of the stomach include:

The two factors that play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine are:

The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for:

Most intestinal absorption occurs in the:

The primary function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to:

The two major regions of the large intestine are the:

The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the:

Lymph from the right arm, the right half of the head, and the right chest is received by the:

Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble:

The specificity of an antibody is determined by the:

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC):

Red blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed from the bloodstream by the:

Phagocytes move through capillary walls by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, a process known as:

Perforins are proteins associated with the activity of:

Complement activation

The most beneficial effect of fever is that it:

CD4 markers are associated with:

Compared with nonspecific defenses, specific defenses:

Blocking the antigen receptors on the surface of lymphocytes would interfere with:

A decrease in which population would impair all aspects of an immune response?

Skin tests are used to determine if a person:

Surfactant:

The hard palate separates the:

Air moves into the lungs because:

The glottis closes partway through an exhalation. The abdominal and intercostal muscles then contract suddenly creating a pressure that blasts the air out of the respiratory passages. This describes a:

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract:

The process of internal respiration involves each of the following except that:

Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient because:

An increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood causes chemoreceptors to stimulate the respiratory centers, resulting in:

The primary function(s) of the respiratory system is (are):