Cornell Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

The lower respiratory tract includes the…

What breathing pattern is associated with a lesion in the brain stem?

What breathing pattern is associated with spinal meningitis?

What breathing pattern is linked to having fewer than 12 breaths per minute?

What molecule in the blood transports oxygen molecules?

What ion is in the central part of hemoglobin?

Which of the following are effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

What is the main component of air that we breathe in?

T/F: Tidal volume is the quantity of air that is inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

T/F: Tidal volume does not increase during exercise.

T/F: Total lung capacity is the most air a person can exhale from the lungs after they inhaled the most possible amount of air.

T/F: If you only sum the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume, then you can calculate the vital capacity.

The diaphragm contracts, what direction does it move?

Which of the following is not an opening in the diaphragm?

How many major phases are there in pulmonary ventilation?

Which of the following occurs while exhaling?

Breathing at rest is referred to as what?

Your friend Mary approaches you after she coughs up a bloody mucus. You instruct her to go seek medical help due to her difficulty breathing and abnormally fast heart rate. Why?

For the previous question, would your diagnosis change if Mary coughed up a green mucus instead and walked over to you with a shortness of breath?

Which of the following is the correct respiratory pathway during inhalation?

What structure is referred to as the “voice box”?

The process by which oxygen is transported through our arteries and veins to other parts of our body is called what?

T/F: The gas exchange between the lungs is termed external respiration.

What is the name for the back of the mouth?

The heart sits in a cavity between the two lungs called the…

When the diaphragm (contracts/ expands), air pressure in the lungs becomes (lower/higher) than the atmospheric air pressure and air rushes in.

The ____ nerves contract and relax the diaphragm.

The alveoli’s walls are composed of…

The ____ pleurae cover the outer surface of the lungs and the ____ pleurae cover the inside surface of the thoracic cavity.

The pressure between the two pleura is about ____ mmHg.

When blood pH is lowered, the ____ ____ the rate of breathing.

True or false: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can trigger asthma attacks.

Goblet cells secrete…

SHORT ANSWER: Emphysema is a lung condition. What is the main symptom of this? Physiologically, what causes this symptom? What occurs over time? What is the life expectancy of emphysema when the patient is diagnosed around stage 2 or 3?

SHORT ANSWER: Why shouldn’t someone change their altitude to a higher one very quickly? In other words, what physiologically occurs in the human body when one rapidly ascends to a higher altitude?

SHORT ANSWER: What are the functions of… Nasal septum:

SHORT ANSWER: What are the functions of… Nasal conchae:

SHORT ANSWER: What are the functions of… Respiratory mucosa:

Approximately how many lymph nodes are in the human body?

Which of the following are not secondary lymphoid organs?

Which of the following are not a subtype of lymphocytes?

Which of the following are not a type of white blood cell?

Graves Disease is classified as what?

Graves disease is responsible for an ____ thyroid leading to ____

Where does the creation of antibodies take place?

Pleiotropy is a property of cytokines.

The complement system involves only a carbohydrate cascade that protects the human body from infection.

Which of the following is false about the human body's adaptive immune system?

What is not an example of the first line of defense?

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

MAST cells secrete serotonin.

Substances that induce fevers are called…

Where do T cells originate?

Macrophages are larger, long-living versions of ____.

Basophils and eosinophils are phagocytes.

Histamine causes ____ during inflammation, which leads to a(n) ____ in blood flow.

SHORT ANSWER: AIDS is a chronic immune system disease that unfortunately impacts many people across the world. What type of pathogen causes this disease? Describe the effect AIDS has on weight, lymph nodes, and body temperature. Is it true that someone with AIDS can still live a long and healthy life, due to the new technology that can suppress the disease in a way (Yes or No)?

SHORT ANSWER: Fill in the blanks:

Lymph is derived from ____ fluid and carries bacteria to the lymph nodes, where they are destroyed by ____.

SHORT ANSWER: What do tumor, dolor, rubor, calor, and functio laesa mean in simpler terms? What are these terms used to describe/diagnose?

SHORT ANSWER: Label A-I. (Following page)

A: ____ B: ____ lymph nodes C: ____ D: ____ E: ____ F: ____ lymph nodes G: ____ H: ____ lymph nodes I: ____ lymph nodes

Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth, breaking down starches into ____ and ____.

In the small intestine tract, the correct order is:

There is no defining structure that separates the pharynx from the esophagus.

The ____ is the top part of the stomach.

Rugae become apparent when the stomach contains lots of food bolus.

The falciform ligament…

The pancreas produces ____, which helps counter acidity levels in the duodenum.

The digestive enzymes are created by ____ cells in the pancreas.

Segmental contractions do not help move food through the GI tract.

Tests for esophageal cancers do not include:

The inner layer of the peritoneum is called the ____ peritoneum, and the outer layer is called the ____ peritoneum

Which bacteria is known as a possible cause for ulcers?

In the smooth intestine, longitudinal, smooth muscle exists in the form of three strips called…

The ileum has a ____ diameter and ____ number of villi than the duodenum.

Bile is a digestive enzyme.

Initiation of digestion is mostly driven by the ____ nerve.

Mastication is the first process of digestion.

Serous saliva…

Lactose is broken down into…

Before the 1930's, pickled food was the most common cause of cancer-related death.

SHORT ANSWER (7 pts - 2 pts for identification, 5 pts for correct order): Identify the layers of the small intestine, from innermost to outermost (5 total):

SHORT ANSWER: The mucosa has four major cell types. Identify them and their major function.