Solon Invitational (B only) — Anatomy and Physiology

Although breathing is involuntary, you can use your cerebellum to control breathing

The mucociliary elevator is a mechanism by which airways are lined with mucus to trap particles so that cilia can propel mucus up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed

Ideal blood pH range falls between 7.35 and 7.45

The diaphragm is under somatic, voluntary control whereas breathing is under autonomic, involuntary control

Inhalation is an active process whereas exhalation is a passive process

The Joey’s apple refers to the adult male thyroid cartilage

Inhalation is called negative pressure breathing because the driving force is lower pressure in the lungs vs. the pleura

Residual velocity is the total lung capacity minus the vital capacity

Oxygen binds to the central Magnesium atom of each heme group during gas transfer

There is no cure for acute rhinitis, which is also known as the common cold

The Haldane effect is when the higher the partial pressure of oxygen and saturation of it in hemoglobin, the more carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood

Contrary to popular belief, the major driving force for respiration is Carbon Dioxide not Oxygen

Type 1 pneumocytes are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and type 2 pneumocytes are responsible for gas exchange

The trachea is composed of hyaline cartilage

The most powerful Respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is loss of Oxygen in the tissue

The ventilation center is a collection of neurons in the ____

The respiratory system utilizes the ____ and ____ capillary beds for thermoregulation

The two major gases involved in the respiratory system are ____ and ____

The bicarbonate buffer system controls blood pH and follow’s this french dude’s famous principle: ____

The ____ membranes surround the lungs and are filled with a thin layer of fluid

The three major units of lung microscopic anatomy in order of decreasing size are: ____, ____, and ____

Alveoli are coated with surfactant, which is a detergent that lowers ____ preventing these balloon like structures from collapsing

The ____ is the point at which the trachea splits

According to Boyle’s law, an increase in thoracic volume results in a ____ in intrapulmonic pressure

Orthopnea is ____ when a person is lying down

____ is a nonrespiratory air movement where rapid convulsive movements follow deep inspiration (the glottis remains open)

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal breath is the ____

Two Symptoms of laryngitis include (pick 2): ____ and ____

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve can shift right for any of the following three reasons: ____, ____, and ____

What are 2 factors affecting asthma? ____ and ____

The functions of the ____ and ____ cartilages are to move vocal chords

Vital capacity is typically about ____ ml

The oropharynx is lined with ____ epithelium

The terminal bronchioles are formed by ____ muscle

The ____ extends from the nose to the terminal bronchioles as is where no gas exchange takes place

The ____ is the smooth muscle attached to open ends of C-rings

Almost all nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

Products of nucleic acid digestion are absorbed passively

The lamnia Propria forms part of Submucosa

The site of production of cholecystokinin is small intestine

Barrette’s Esophagus is often diagnosed in people who have long term nausea

Gallbladder produces Bile

The protein molecule will be digested by enzymes made by small intestine, pancreas and stomach

Chief cells secrete Gastrin

Hiccups is caused by the irritation of the vagal nerve

Cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive disease

Hepatitis that is prevented by vaccination is Hepatitis C

Iron is absorbed in the duodenum

Xerostomia is extreme dryness of Mouth

Large intestine is longer that the small intestine

Starch digestion starts in the mouth

A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsifying agents and phospholipids is ____

Carbohydrates are acted on by ____, ____, ____ and sucrase

Vitamin ____ needs Intrinsic factor to be absorbed.

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes and and a rich supply of elastic fiber is ____

The sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum is ____

Parietal cells produce ____ and ____

Bacterial fermentation takes place in ____

Muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of ____, ____ and ____ layer

____ is the beginning of large Intestine

Rash from celiac disease is known as ____

The large longitudinal folds of the stomach are called ____

Digested food entering the duodenum from stomach is called ____

Bacteria that commonly causes gastric ulcer is ____

Vitamin C deficiency causes ____

Large intestine is suspended by ____

Humoral immunity is also called antibody mediated immunity

Antigens are always complete

The second line of defense begins right before the first line of defense is violated

Eosiniphils pierce the pathogens membrane by using defensin)

MACs form from activated complement components C3a and C3b

T cells mature in the thymus

Second line of defense aids in combating major infections

Haptens are incomplete antigens

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Vaccines provide passive immunity

The 4 steps in which phagocytes are mobilized are ____, ____, ____, and ____ in successive order.

The two antimicrobial proteins are ____ and ____

Fever is caused by the release of chemicals called ____.

The five cardinal signs of inflammation are the following: ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____.

____ is an immune reaction against self molecules

Lymph nodes are composed of ____ connective tissue

The ____ are located on the posterior wall above the border of the soft palate

The ____, a lymphatic organ, is larger in children and disappears in old age

The mast cells release a potent inflammatory chemical called ____

Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies include: ____, ____, ____, and ____

Class I MHC proteins are found on the surface of virtual all body cells except ____

MALT stands for ____

The lymphoid follicles found in the walls of small intestine are ____.

Waldeyer’s ring consists of the ____, ____, ____ and ____

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of ____.

The process by which the neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ____

Antibodies which can fix complement are ____ and ____

Perforins are released by ____ and ____ cells

Extrinsic asthma typically develops at this stage of life: ____

Hemolytic disease of the new born can occur when mother is Rh ____ and baby is Rh ____.