Carolina Science Olympiad Invitational — Anatomy and Physiology

Fill in the blanks:

Fetal hemoglobin is known to bind to oxygen better than maternal hemoglobin. When plotting the oxygen dissociation curves, what is the expected shift from the maternal oxygen dissociation curve to the fetal oxygen dissociation curve?

Which muscles are involved in inspiration?

Michael Jordan is a Science Olympiad student and is really nervous about his Anatomy and Physiology Event. His breathing all of a sudden becomes inefficient and his airways are starting to become inflamed. He has wheezing and tightness in his chest. He also has no history of smoking and his symptoms are only provoked with exercise. What condition is he most likely undergoing?

When someone inspires air, they increase the volume of their lungs to create what kind of pressure in their lungs (hint: think about the relationship between pressure and volume)?

Name one purpose of the nasal conchae.

Surfactant dysfunction is a lung disorder that results in issues with respiration. What is the function of surfactant in respiration?

True or False: The diaphragm contracts during expiration (exhaling or breathing out).

Cystic fibrosis is the condition in which the mucus produced is sticky and clogs up the airways in the respiratory system. Which type of cell is most likely the culprit for such conditions?

Exercise is an important activity that affects the respiratory system. Muscle cells require a lot of oxygen for cellular respiration and in turn generate a lot of CO₂. In 2-3 sentences, explain the role of the respiratory system on maintaining homeostasis during exercise.

A spirograph is an important measurement tool for the respiratory capacity of someone's lungs. Below is an example spirogram, please provide the tidal volume, tidal lung capacity, and vital capacity.

In two sentences, explain what COPD is and what is the relationship between COPD and emphysema.

Which of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system?

The lesser curvature of the stomach has a length of approximately ____, while the larger curvature has an approximate length of ____.

What are the three types of salivary glands and their functions?

What are the layers of the alimentary canal?

In which organs does chemical digestion take place?

Which enzymes in the mouth primarily break down carbohydrates and fats?

Which enzymes primarily break down proteins?

True or False: Chief cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen.

True or False: Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid.

Peptic ulcers are most commonly caused by ____.

Risk factors for developing peptic ulcers include all of the following EXCEPT:

Obesity is associated with all of the following diseases/illnesses EXCEPT:

The innate immune system

Specific immune system responses are the

Border defenses include

A T cell is a

T cells are produced in the ____

T cells are matured in the ____

What are the four symptoms of inflammation?

Major functions of adaptive immunity:

Case study: Tom experienced flu-like symptoms for about a week. He felt completely healthy for years afterwards. Then, Tom suddenly began to experience rapid weight loss, prolonged swelling of lymph glands in his armpits, and recurring fever. What does Tom likely have?

Toll-like receptors:

What are the two components of adaptive immunity?

Identify the following condition:

Identify the following condition:

Identify the following condition:

Identify the following condition:

Proteins that help your immune system recognize potential invaders are called

What is a characteristic of an early stage of local inflammation?

Antibodies can mediate inflammation through activation of:

Why is fetal antibody production uncommon?

T lymphocytes make up ____ of lymphocytes that circulate in peripheral blood

What are the four characteristics of specific defenses?

Which of the following are nonspecific defenses?

Which of the following is a type of heavy chain in an immunoglobulin?

A patient comes in with a rash on her arm. She tells you that she baked a cake with different ingredients than usual and noticed the rash a few hours after it was prepared and served. What type of hypersensitivity is this patient likely demonstrating?